Long-term participation in community group exercise improves lower extremity muscle strength and delays age-related declines in walking speed and physical function in older adults

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants

	All					Male				Female
	Total	short-term	mid-term	long-term	P-Value	short-term	mid-term	long-term	P-Value	short-term	mid-term	long-term	P-Value
N	2570	1553	636	381		277	96	63		1275	540	318
Duration from baseline physical test (year)
mean (sd)	2.35 (2.51)	0.75 (1.21)	3.81 (1.60)	6.44 (1.19)	<.001	0.69 (1.06)	3.51 (1.49)	6.35 (1.38)	<.001	0.76 (1.24)	3.87 (1.62)	6.46 (1.16)	<.001
Age (year)
mean (sd)	74.3 (8.0)	74.5 (8.5)	74.2 (7.2)	73.6 (6.7)	0.130	74.3 (8.3)	74.5 (6.7)	71.8 (7.2)	0.064	74.5 (8.6)	74.1 (7.3)	74.0 (6.6)	0.418
Age75^a (year)
mean (sd)	-0.1 (1.6)	-0.1 (1.7)	-0.2 (1.4)	-0.3 (1.3)	0.130	-0.1 (1.7)	-0.1 (1.3)	-0.6 (1.4)	0.064	-0.1 (1.7)	-0.2 (1.5)	-0.2 (1.3)	0.418
Body weight (kg)
mean (sd)	52.5 (9.4)	53.2 (10.1)	52.6 (9.0)	53.7 (8.7)	0.142	61.8 (10.1)	60.9 (9.2)	63.5 (7.3)	0.259	51.3 (9.0)	51.2 (8.1)	51.8 (7.6)	0.513
Knee extension strength (kgf)
mean (sd)	32.0 (11.6)	28.0 (11.2)	25.7 (9.7)	23.2 (9.1)	<.001	33.3 (13.0)	33.5 (12.0)	32.9 (11.8)	0.950	26.9 (10.4)	24.3 (8.6)	21.3 (7.1)	<.001
Lower extremity muscle strength^b (%)
mean (sd)	50.7 (19.4)	53.2 (20.6)	49.2 (17.7)	42.9 (14.5)	<.001	53.9 (20.2)	55.3 (18.8)	52.0 (18.4)	0.586	53.0 (20.7)	48.2 (17.3)	41.1 (12.9)	<.001
TUG time^c (sec)
mean (sd)	7.6 (3.4)	7.8 (3.9)	7.3 (2.3)	7.3 (2.1)	<.001	8.2 (4.7)	7.0 (2.4)	6.7 (1.6)	0.006	7.7 (3.7)	7.3 (2.2)	7.4 (2.1)	0.018
Motor fitness scale (point)
mean (sd)	10.6 (3.5)	10.3 (3.7)	10.9 (3.1)	11.2 (3.1)	<.001	10.6 (3.3)	11.0 (3.2)	12.1 (2.4)	0.003	10.3 (3.8)	10.9 (3.1)	11.0 (3.2)	<.001

ISSN: 1861-6909