|
Bakken et al., (2001) [95]
|
72–91
|
10
|
Aerobic
|
Eye tracking with moving stimulus
|
Tracking abilities tended to improve with aerobic exercise.
|
|
Roth et al. (2003) [86]
|
65–95
|
50
|
Questionnaires to evaluate PA
|
Peripheral vision
|
Reported physical activity was correlated with a better performance in performing a useful field of view task.
|
|
Gauchard et al., (2003) [99]
|
66–78
|
26
|
Yoga, soft gymnastics, jogging, swimming
|
Vestibulospinal reflex and ocular movements related to visual stimulus
|
Reaction time and visual detection was better in the physically active group.
|
|
Barnes et al. (2003) [31]
|
> 55
|
349
|
Cardiorespiratory fitness
|
Attention, executive function
|
Worse cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline leads to lower scores on attention and executive function tests.
|
|
Owsley & McGwin (2004) [90]
|
55–83
|
342
|
Questionnaires to evaluate PA, e.g. asking about household chores, yard work, exercise-like walking, golf, swimming, etc.
|
Peripheral vision
|
Reported physical activity was not correlated with a better performance in a useful field of view task.
|
|
Lobjois et al., (2005) [97]
|
20–80
|
24
|
Tennis (aerobic, strength, balance, coordination)
|
Eye tracking with moving stimulus at different speeds
|
All participants performed worst when the velocity of the moving stimulus increased but older non-players showed a higher pronounced effect.
|
|
Pesce et al. (2007) [87]
|
60–75
|
25
|
Cycling (strength, aerobic)
|
Visuospatial attention
|
Physically active older adults show better visuospatial attention than sedentary older adults.
|
|
Lobjois et al., (2008) [98]
|
20–80
|
48
|
Tennis (aerobic, strength, balance, coordination)
|
Track and response to a moving stimulus in a conscience timing task
|
Non-players exhibited more errors than players, especially in the 70–80 year old group.
|
|
Marmeleira et al. (2009) [71]
|
60–82
|
32
|
Aerobic fitness with cognitive demands
|
Reaction time, speed processing, movement time, divided attention, peripheral vision, psychomotor performance and executive function
|
Exercise enhanced reaction time, speed visual processing and divided attention (though the useful field of view) and lower limb mobility.
|
|
Schorer & Baker (2009) [96]
|
14–51
|
34
|
Handball (aerobic, strength, balance, coordination)
|
Eye tracking with moving stimulus
|
Age-declines seem to be more related to motor rather to perception.
|
|
Voss et al. (2010) [35]
|
55–80
|
120
|
Aerobic
|
Visuospatial attention
|
Increase in functional connectivity correlated with aerobic exercise and might lead to an improved visuospatial attention.
|
|
Voelcker-Rehage et al. (2010) [28]
|
65–72
|
72
|
A battery of fitness tests to assess physical and motor fitness (cardiovascular, muscular strength, movement speed, balance, motor coordination and flexibility)
|
Executive control, processing speed
|
Physical and motor fitness are both related to an improved executive control and perceptual speed.
|
|
Pesce et al. (2011) [70]
|
60–80
|
48
|
Cycling (strength, aerobic)
|
Visuospatial attention
|
Older road cyclists show better visual attention than sedentary older adults.
|
|
Marmeleira et al. (2012) [89]
|
61–81
|
38
|
Questionnaires to evaluate PA
|
Peripheral vision
|
Reported physical activity correlated with better performance in a useful field of view task.
|
|
Hung & Kruse (2012) [72]
|
60–79
|
96
|
Tai-chi (strength, member coordination, balance and cognitive)
|
Motor speed, visual attention
|
Older Tai-chi practitioners were faster and had better visual attention than non-athletes of the same age.
|
|
Ballesteros et al. (2013) [1]
|
> 60
|
40
|
Regular physical exercise (e.g., swimming, playing tennis, playing golf, or fitness training)
|
Executive control and processing speed
|
Exercise was related to better executive control and processing speed in older adults.
|
|
Muiños & Ballesteros (2014) [26]
|
19–68
|
45
|
Karate and judo (aerobic, strength, member coordination, balance)
|
Peripheral vision
|
The practice of martial arts was related to better peripheral vision.
|
|
Muiños & Ballesteros (2015) [27]
|
19–68
|
135
|
Karate and judo (aerobic, strength, member coordination, balance)
|
Dynamic visual acuity
|
Martial arts practitioners showed better dynamic visual acuity compared to sedentary older adults.
|
|
Ando et al. (2017) [88]
|
65–74
|
30
|
Not specified
|
Peripheral vision
|
The more intensive the physical activity, the better performance is obtained in the Useful Field of View.
|
|
Miller et al. (2017) [73]
|
67–79
|
90
|
Tai-chi (strength, member coordination, balance and cognitive)
|
Executive function, visual attention, peripheral vision
|
Tai-Chi practice correlated with the improvement of cognitive functioning and peripheral vision.
|
|
Zettel-Watson et al. (2017) [54]
|
52–89
|
50
|
Functional mobility, balance, lower body strength, gait, and aerobic endurance
|
Physical measures, executive function
|
Physical performance related to dynamic balance and aerobic endurance was associated with an enhanced processing speed, inhibition and working memory.
|
|
Huebner et al. (2017) [55]
|
65–74
|
30
|
Aerobic
|
Fine motor skills
|
Aerobic exercise improves motor learning.
|
